Kupanga ndi kukonza mapepala

Pepala lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito kumakampani athumabokosi a mkate,mapepala a pizzandi zinamabokosi oyika zakudyaamapangidwa ndi makina apamwamba kwambiri opanga mapepala, kupatsa mlendo aliyense zinthu zabwino kwambiri

Munthawi ya Ulamuliro wa Han waku Western (206 BC), China idapanga kale mapepala, ndipo mchaka choyamba cha Yuanxing (105) mu Ulamuliro wa Kum'mawa kwa Han, Cai Lun adawongolera kupanga mapepala.Amagwiritsa ntchito khungwa, mutu wa hemp, nsalu, ukonde wophera nsomba ndi zinthu zina zopangira mapepala popanga mapepala, kupondaponda, kukazinga, kuphika, ndi zina zotero, komwe ndi chiyambi cha mapepala amakono.Mapepala amtunduwu, zopangira zake ndizosavuta kuzipeza, ndizotsika mtengo kwambiri, mtundu wake wapitanso patsogolo, ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono.Kukumbukira zomwe Cai Lun adachita, mibadwo yotsatira idatcha pepalali "Cai Hou paper".

Pepala ndi crystallization wa zinachitikira kwa nthawi yaitali ndi nzeru anthu Chinese ntchito.Pepala ndi chinthu chofanana ndi pepala chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba, kusindikiza, kupenta kapena kulongedza.Nthawi zambiri, amapangidwa kuchokera ku kuyimitsidwa kwamadzi kwa ulusi wopangidwa ndi mbewu, womwe umalumikizidwa paukonde, poyamba umakhala wopanda madzi m'thupi, kenako nkuumizidwa ndikuwumitsa.China ndi dziko loyamba padziko lapansi kupanga mapepala.

Umisiri wamakono ukupita patsogolo mofulumira, ndipo ntchito yamakono yopanga mapepala yagwiritsiridwa ntchito.

Groundwood Pulp imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yopera yamakina kuti ipeze ulusi wamatabwa, womwe umatchedwanso zamkati zamakina, zomwe zimatha kugawidwa kukhala zamkati wamakina, zamkati zamakina oyengedwa, zamkati za thermomechanical, ndi zina zambiri.

Chemical zamkati amagwiritsa ntchito njira mankhwala kulekanitsa ulusi ndi lignin kupeza matabwa ulusi, amene angathenso kugawidwa mu soda zamkati, sulfite zamkati, ndi sulphate zamkati.

Semichemical zamkati (Semichemical Pulp) Kuphatikiza njira zamakina ndi mankhwala, zitha kugawidwa m'magawo osalowerera ndale, zamkati zamadzi ozizira, zamkati zamakina, ndi zina zambiri.